SeniorPaws

What Is Canine Osteoarthritis?

Canine osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition that commonly develops as dogs age. This irreversible chronic disease affects approximately 25% of dogs, and is most prevalent in senior dogs.

In dogs with osteoarthritis, the cartilage that cushions and protects the joints gradually breaks down. Small bone spurs may also form inside the joint, causing pain and swelling. Most cases of canine osteoarthritis are secondary to developmental issues such as hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia.

Additional risk factors include body weight, obesity, gender, exercise levels and diet.

Symptoms of Canine Osteoarthritis

Pet owners often notice clear signs of osteoarthritis in their dogs.

The most common signs include:

• Decreased interest in playing or exercising, and reduced overall activity
• Stiffness or lameness, especially difficulty rising from a sitting or lying position
• Changes in posture and walking gait
• Limping or shifting weight between legs
• Swollen or painful joints

Dogs may adapt by “bunny hopping” — moving with both hind legs close together to avoid pain. They may also sit in an unusual position to stretch sore areas, or simply appear weak and lethargic.

Causes of Canine Osteoarthritis

Canine osteoarthritis is categorized as primary or secondary.

Primary osteoarthritis is often idiopathic (unknown cause) or linked to natural aging.

Secondary osteoarthritis develops as a result of other conditions, including:

• Joint injuries
• Hip or elbow dysplasia
• Cranial cruciate ligament tears
• Patellar luxation

Age and obesity are major contributing factors. Osteoarthritis is progressive, meaning joint damage continues to worsen as a dog gets older.

How Veterinarians Diagnose Canine Osteoarthritis

Diagnosis is based on physical examination and imaging tests.

Veterinarians first observe a dog’s walking, trotting and running patterns. During the exam, they will palpate the joints for swelling, fluid buildup and reduced range of motion. They will also check for thickening around joints, grating or clicking sounds, and muscle atrophy compared to unaffected limbs.

Sedation may be used to keep the dog comfortable and avoid pain during evaluation.

Additional diagnostic tools may include:

• X‑rays
• Blood work to support safe medication use
• Joint fluid analysis to rule out infection or cancer
• Advanced imaging such as CT or MRI
• Force plate gait analysis to measure weight distribution
• Arthroscopy for direct visualization and treatment of joint damage

Treatment for Canine Osteoarthritis

Common treatments include:

• NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as galliprant, carprofen, deracoxib, firocoxib and meloxicam to reduce pain and inflammation. These medications may have side effects and must be prescribed by a vet.
• Supplements: Omega‑3 fatty acids, glucosamine, chondroitin and other natural anti-inflammatory products.
• Additional pain medications: Gabapentin, tramadol and amantadine, often used alongside NSAIDs.
• Adequan: An injectable prescription drug with anti-inflammatory and joint-protective effects.
• Librela: A monthly injectable monoclonal antibody for long-term pain control.

Alternative therapies can also be beneficial:

• Acupuncture
• Laser therapy
• Physical rehabilitation, massage and stretching
• Chiropractic care
• Stem cell therapy

In severe cases, surgery may be recommended, such as total hip replacement or femoral head and neck ostectomy.

Rehabilitation and Management

Veterinarians often recommend lifestyle changes for dogs with osteoarthritis.

Weight management is critical to reduce joint stress and inflammation. A prescription diet and controlled, gentle exercise are commonly advised.

Ideal low-impact activities include:

• Short, regular walks
• Gentle stretching
• Swimming

Some dogs may benefit from supportive braces for the knees or back. For dogs undergoing surgery, a structured rehabilitation plan will be created, including physical therapy, massage, swimming and underwater treadmill sessions.

With proper medication and supportive care, dogs with osteoarthritis can live long, comfortable lives. While the condition does not shorten lifespan, untreated pain can severely reduce quality of life. Owners should monitor for signs of discomfort and work closely with their vet to create the best care plan.

Prevention

While normal age-related wear and tear cannot be fully prevented, owners can support joint health by:

• Providing joint supplements containing glucosamine and chondroitin
• Feeding a balanced diet and maintaining a healthy weight
• Encouraging appropriate, low-impact exercise
• Avoiding excessive strain or joint injury

FAQs

How long can a dog with osteoarthritis live?

With proper pain management and care, dogs with osteoarthritis can live a normal lifespan.

What is the best pain relief for arthritic dogs?

NSAIDs such as Galliprant are among the most effective and commonly recommended options for targeting both pain and inflammation.

Should dogs with arthritis walk?

Yes, short, gentle daily walks help maintain mobility, muscle strength and joint flexibility.